Values in Managements..

VALUES

Beliefs that guide an individual’s actions. Values are applicable to individuals and institutions, both business and non-business.

Value in Managements

Characteristics of values

• Human values are social and ethical norms common to all cultures, societies and religions.
• Synthesis of social progress, justice and spiritual growth.
• Principles that people cherish as they enhance the quality of individual and collective life.
• Guiding force to take specific decisions in specific societal issues.
• Refer to intrinsic worth or goodness.
• Transform the level of consciousness to purer, higher levels.
• Basis of prolonged success of every human being. Powerful source to affect behavior.
• Dynamic and change with changing times.
• Concerned with internal development of the person, purifying mind and heart. 
• Cultivate love and understanding.
• Provide the standard of morality.
• Help people in deciding what right or desirable.

Types of Values

According to "Albert Schweitzer" there are three type of Values :

1. Operative Values : Depend on people preferences for action and objects.
2. Conceived Values: Value choices made in anticipation of the outcome, of the chose behavior.
3. Objective Values: Choices which are objective desirable not sensed as advantageous to the person nor are they conceived as symbolically desirable. 

According to  "M. Rokeach" there are two type of Values :

1. Terminal Values: Values that person wants to achieve during his life time. Purpose of a person’s existence.

• Happiness and satisfaction in life.
• Knowledge and wisdom.
• Peace and harmony in the world.
• Pride in accomplishment.
• Prosperity, wealth.
• Lasting friendship.
• Recognition from peer.  
• Salvation, finding eternal life.
• Security, freedom from threat.

     2.  Instrumental Values:Means for achieving the desired results. Or means of achieving the terminal values.

• Assertiveness, standing up for yourself.
• Being helpful or caring towards others.
• Dependability being counted upon by others.
• Education and intellectual pursuits.
• Hard work and achievement.
• Obedience, following the wishes of others.
• Open mindedness, receptivity to new ideas.
• Self-sufficiency, independence.
• Truthfulness, honesty.
• Being well mannered and courteous towards others.
  

 Factors Affecting Values

• Institutions
• Family  
• Religious institution, schools, state, cultural and social institutions.
• Organizational Values (organization where an individual works.)
• Peers and Colleagues.
• Situational Factors
• Personal Factors: Such as ability, intelligence, education level and other aspects also determine an individual’s values.

Values and Behavior

Values become a part of our behavior and personality. How good an organizational is depends upon how good are the people who are managing it. Good people are those whose actions and behavior are based on a sound value is system and ethical principles. Values lay the foundation for organizational success. They develop the attitudes. Perceptions and motives that shape the behavior of individuals working in the organization.

 In the business world, value based behavior can be observed in the following spheres:

• Finance and Accounting
• Values of human management
• Sales and Marketing
• Production
• Intellectual Property, Knowledge and Skills
• International Business
• Developing Values System in an Organization.

Values in Business

There are many ways in which the basic human values – truth, righteousness, peace, love and non-violence – can be practiced in the day-to-day conduct of business. With the cardinal values of Satya, Dharma, Santhi, Prema and Ahinsa. 

Honesty in Business is a form of Social Service

• Truthful
• Integrity 
• Honestly
• Social service 
• Peace

Objective of Value-based Management

• Optimum decisions
• Ensure long-run survival of the Business
• Develop credibility amongst stakeholders
• Builds confidence amongst shareholders and they provide sufficient funds to the company.
• Builds confidence amongst employees.
• Creates a positive image of the company in the society.
• Develops managers skills to manage effectively
  

What Is Personal Growth ?

Personal growth means enhancement of self esteem of a person. Applying a rational approach to one’s thinking, involvement through in depth understanding, and enrichment of life and reinforcement of value systems. Growth of a person today is manifested in rich heritage of ancient education system: mathematics, economics, astronomy, medicine etc.

Personal growth results in progress. “Change is not progress”, but progress is change”. It means a longer and better quality of larger proportion of people.

Meaning of Progress

People realize progress when change results in any of these aspects: longer lives, decrease in infant mortality, decrease in morbidity, increase in people’s options, greater quality, more freedom or reduction in fear of other people or of their own rulers. Improved life expectancy.
Progress has many aspects: professional, business, personal. Progress is sure if one sets the goals and works with what one has.

What is Computer Network?

Computer Network

Computer network means an interconnected collection of computers (or multiple processors software & hardware) such that they can:
Exchange information, Sharing resources each other
Examples:
Internet
Cellular Network

Key Issues For Computer Network

The following are the major key issues Computer Network:

Nature of Nodes: Whether participating nodes are homogeneous or heterogeneous in nature?

Topology: Which of the computer topology has to be followed? Computer topology accounts for the physical arrangement of participating computers in the network.

Interconnection Type: Whether interconnection type is point-to-point, multi-point, or broadcast type.

Reliability: 

How reliable our network is? Reliability aspect includes error rate, redundancy and recovery procedures.

Channel Capacity Allocation:Whether allocation of channel capacity is time-division or frequency division?

Routing Techniques: Whether message between nodes are to be routed through: Deterministic, Stochastic, and Distributed routing techniques?
Models: Which of the models i.e. analytical models, Queuing models, Simulation models, Measurement and Validation models are applicable?
Channel Capacity: What are the channel capacities of the communication lines connecting nodes?
Access: Whether computer access in the network is direct-access or through a sub-network?
Protocols: What levels, standards and formats are to be followed while establishing communication between participating nodes?
Performance: How is higher performance of computer network achieved? Response time, time to connect, resource utilization, etc. contribute towards performance of computer network.
Control: Whether centralized control, distributed control or hierarchical control of participating nodes of computer network is suitable?


Tag : Computer Network, 

What is Computer Networking ?

Networking is the concept of sharing resources and services. A network of computers is a group of interconnected systems sharing resources and interacting using a shared communications link (see Figure). A network, therefore, is a set of interconnected systems with something to share. The shared resource can be data, a printer, a fax modem, or a service such as a database or an email system. The individual systems must be connected through a pathway (called the transmission medium) that is used to transmit the resource or service between the computers. All systems on the pathway must follow a set of common communication rules for data to arrive at its intended destination and for the sending and receiving systems to understand each other. The rules governing computer communication are called protocols.
In summary, all networks must have the following:
A resource to share (resource)
A pathway to transfer data (transmission medium)
A set of rules governing how to communicate (protocols)

Fig: In its simplest form, a computer network is a two or more computer sharing
information across a common transmission medium.
Having a transmission pathway does not always guarantee communication. When two entities communicate, they do not merely exchange information; rather, they must understand the information they receive from each other. The goal of computer networking, therefore, is not simply to exchange data but to understand and use data received from other entities on the network.
An analogy is people speaking (See Figure), just because two people can speak, it does not mean they automatically can understand each other. These two people might speak different languages or interpret words differently. One person might use sign language, while the other uses spoken language. As in human communication, even though you have two entities that "speak," there is no guarantee they will be able to understand each other. Just because two computers are sharing resources, it does not necessarily mean they can communicate.
Because computers can be used in different ways and can be located at different distances from each other, enabling computers to communicate often can be a daunting task that draws on a wide variety of technologies.

Figure: Human communication is like a network

The two main reasons for using computer networking are to provide services and to reduce equipment costs. Networks enable computers to share their resources by offering services to other computers and users on a network. The following are specific reasons for networking PCs:

• Sharing files
• Sharing printers and other devices
• Enabling centralized administration and security of the resources within the system
• Supporting network applications such as electronic mail and database services